ID   SYUB_HUMAN              Reviewed;         134 AA.
AC   Q16143; Q6IAX7;
DT   01-NOV-1997, integrated into UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot.
DT   01-NOV-1996, sequence version 1.
DT   28-JAN-2026, entry version 203.
DE   RecName: Full=Beta-synuclein;
GN   Name=SNCB;
OS   Homo sapiens (Human).
OC   Eukaryota; Metazoa; Chordata; Craniata; Vertebrata; Euteleostomi; Mammalia;
OC   Eutheria; Euarchontoglires; Primates; Haplorrhini; Catarrhini; Hominidae;
OC   Homo.
OX   NCBI_TaxID=9606;
RN   [1]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [MRNA], AND PARTIAL PROTEIN SEQUENCE.
RC   TISSUE=Brain;
RX   PubMed=8194594; DOI=10.1016/0014-5793(94)00395-5;
RA   Jakes R., Spillantini M.G., Goedert M.;
RT   "Identification of two distinct synucleins from human brain.";
RL   FEBS Lett. 345:27-32(1994).
RN   [2]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [GENOMIC DNA].
RX   PubMed=9806846; DOI=10.1006/geno.1998.5556;
RA   Lavedan C., Leroy E., Torres R., Dehejia A., Dutra A., Buchholtz S.,
RA   Nussbaum R.L., Polymeropoulos M.H.;
RT   "Genomic organization and expression of the human beta-synuclein gene
RT   (SNCB).";
RL   Genomics 54:173-175(1998).
RN   [3]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RA   Kalnine N., Chen X., Rolfs A., Halleck A., Hines L., Eisenstein S.,
RA   Koundinya M., Raphael J., Moreira D., Kelley T., LaBaer J., Lin Y.,
RA   Phelan M., Farmer A.;
RT   "Cloning of human full-length CDSs in BD Creator(TM) system donor vector.";
RL   Submitted (MAY-2003) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN   [4]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RA   Ebert L., Schick M., Neubert P., Schatten R., Henze S., Korn B.;
RT   "Cloning of human full open reading frames in Gateway(TM) system entry
RT   vector (pDONR201).";
RL   Submitted (JUN-2004) to the EMBL/GenBank/DDBJ databases.
RN   [5]
RP   NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE [LARGE SCALE MRNA].
RC   TISSUE=Lung;
RX   PubMed=15489334; DOI=10.1101/gr.2596504;
RG   The MGC Project Team;
RT   "The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project:
RT   the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC).";
RL   Genome Res. 14:2121-2127(2004).
RN   [6]
RP   PROTEIN SEQUENCE OF 46-85, AND IDENTIFICATION BY MASS SPECTROMETRY.
RC   TISSUE=Fetal brain cortex;
RA   Lubec G., Chen W.-Q., Sun Y.;
RL   Submitted (DEC-2008) to UniProtKB.
RN   [7]
RP   PHOSPHORYLATION AT SER-118.
RX   PubMed=10852916; DOI=10.1074/jbc.m003542200;
RA   Pronin A.N., Morris A.J., Surguchov A., Benovic J.L.;
RT   "Synucleins are a novel class of substrates for G protein-coupled receptor
RT   kinases.";
RL   J. Biol. Chem. 275:26515-26522(2000).
CC   -!- FUNCTION: Non-amyloid component of senile plaques found in Alzheimer
CC       disease. Could act as a regulator of SNCA aggregation process. Protects
CC       neurons from staurosporine and 6-hydroxy dopamine (6OHDA)-stimulated
CC       caspase activation in a p53/TP53-dependent manner. Contributes to
CC       restore the SNCA anti-apoptotic function abolished by 6OHDA. Not found
CC       in the Lewy bodies associated with Parkinson disease.
CC   -!- INTERACTION:
CC       Q16143; P05067: APP; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-727106, EBI-77613;
CC       Q16143; Q9UNS2: COPS3; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-727106, EBI-350590;
CC       Q16143; Q8NDC4: MORN4; NbExp=6; IntAct=EBI-727106, EBI-10269566;
CC       Q16143; O75925: PIAS1; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-727106, EBI-629434;
CC       Q16143; Q8N488: RYBP; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-727106, EBI-752324;
CC       Q16143; Q9GZS3: SKIC8; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-727106, EBI-358545;
CC       Q16143; P37840: SNCA; NbExp=3; IntAct=EBI-727106, EBI-985879;
CC   -!- SUBCELLULAR LOCATION: Cytoplasm.
CC   -!- TISSUE SPECIFICITY: Expressed predominantly in brain; concentrated in
CC       presynaptic nerve terminals.
CC   -!- PTM: Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation by G-protein coupled receptor
CC       kinases (GRK) is more efficient than phosphorylation by CK1, CK2 and
CC       CaM-kinase II. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:10852916}.
CC   -!- SIMILARITY: Belongs to the synuclein family. {ECO:0000305}.
CC   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CC   Copyrighted by the UniProt Consortium, see https://www.uniprot.org/terms
CC   Distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License
CC   ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
DR   EMBL; S69965; AAB30860.1; -; mRNA.
DR   EMBL; AF053136; AAC80286.1; -; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; AF053134; AAC80286.1; JOINED; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; AF053135; AAC80286.1; JOINED; Genomic_DNA.
DR   EMBL; BT006627; AAP35273.1; -; mRNA.
DR   EMBL; CR457027; CAG33308.1; -; mRNA.
DR   EMBL; BC002902; AAH02902.1; -; mRNA.
DR   CCDS; CCDS4406.1; -.
DR   PIR; S44430; S44430.
DR   RefSeq; NP_001001502.1; NM_001001502.3.
DR   RefSeq; NP_001350069.1; NM_001363140.2.
DR   RefSeq; NP_003076.1; NM_003085.5.
DR   AlphaFoldDB; Q16143; -.
DR   BMRB; Q16143; -.
DR   BioGRID; 112504; 22.
DR   FunCoup; Q16143; 142.
DR   IntAct; Q16143; 16.
DR   MINT; Q16143; -.
DR   STRING; 9606.ENSP00000377296; -.
DR   TCDB; 1.C.77.1.2; the synuclein (synuclein) family.
DR   GlyCosmos; Q16143; 3 sites, 1 glycan.
DR   GlyGen; Q16143; 3 sites, 1 O-linked glycan (3 sites).
DR   iPTMnet; Q16143; -.
DR   PhosphoSitePlus; Q16143; -.
DR   BioMuta; SNCB; -.
DR   DMDM; 2501105; -.
DR   jPOST; Q16143; -.
DR   MassIVE; Q16143; -.
DR   PaxDb; 9606-ENSP00000308057; -.
DR   PeptideAtlas; Q16143; -.
DR   ProteomicsDB; 60833; -.
DR   Pumba; Q16143; -.
DR   Antibodypedia; 3634; 382 antibodies from 40 providers.
DR   DNASU; 6620; -.
DR   Ensembl; ENST00000310112.7; ENSP00000308057.3; ENSG00000074317.12.
DR   Ensembl; ENST00000393693.7; ENSP00000377296.2; ENSG00000074317.12.
DR   Ensembl; ENST00000506696.1; ENSP00000422223.1; ENSG00000074317.12.
DR   Ensembl; ENST00000510387.5; ENSP00000424073.1; ENSG00000074317.12.
DR   GeneID; 6620; -.
DR   KEGG; hsa:6620; -.
DR   MANE-Select; ENST00000393693.7; ENSP00000377296.2; NM_003085.5; NP_003076.1.
DR   UCSC; uc003mep.4; human.
DR   AGR; HGNC:11140; -.
DR   ClinPGx; PA35988; -.
DR   CTD; 6620; -.
DR   DisGeNET; 6620; -.
DR   GeneCards; SNCB; -.
DR   HGNC; HGNC:11140; SNCB.
DR   HPA; ENSG00000074317; Group enriched (brain, retina).
DR   MalaCards; SNCB; -.
DR   MIM; 602569; gene.
DR   OpenTargets; ENSG00000074317; -.
DR   VEuPathDB; HostDB:ENSG00000074317; -.
DR   eggNOG; ENOG502S0N5; Eukaryota.
DR   GeneTree; ENSGT00950000183175; -.
DR   HOGENOM; CLU_129378_1_0_1; -.
DR   InParanoid; Q16143; -.
DR   OMA; GWRERWM; -.
DR   OrthoDB; 9944634at2759; -.
DR   PAN-GO; Q16143; 8 GO annotations based on evolutionary models.
DR   PhylomeDB; Q16143; -.
DR   PathwayCommons; Q16143; -.
DR   Reactome; R-HSA-5660489; MTF1 activates gene expression.
DR   SignaLink; Q16143; -.
DR   SIGNOR; Q16143; -.
DR   Agora; ENSG00000074317; -.
DR   BioGRID-ORCS; 6620; 16 hits in 1150 CRISPR screens.
DR   ChiTaRS; SNCB; human.
DR   GeneWiki; Beta-synuclein; -.
DR   GenomeRNAi; 6620; -.
DR   Pharos; Q16143; Tbio.
DR   PRO; PR:Q16143; -.
DR   Proteomes; UP000005640; Chromosome 5.
DR   RNAct; Q16143; protein.
DR   Bgee; ENSG00000074317; Expressed in right hemisphere of cerebellum and 138 other cell types or tissues.
DR   ExpressionAtlas; Q16143; baseline and differential.
DR   GO; GO:0043679; C:axon terminus; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0005737; C:cytoplasm; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0005829; C:cytosol; TAS:Reactome.
DR   GO; GO:0016234; C:inclusion body; IDA:ParkinsonsUK-UCL.
DR   GO; GO:0043025; C:neuronal cell body; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0005509; F:calcium ion binding; IDA:UniProtKB.
DR   GO; GO:1903136; F:cuprous ion binding; IMP:CAFA.
DR   GO; GO:0004859; F:phospholipase inhibitor activity; TAS:ProtInc.
DR   GO; GO:0046914; F:transition metal ion binding; IMP:CAFA.
DR   GO; GO:0007268; P:chemical synaptic transmission; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0042417; P:dopamine metabolic process; IEA:Ensembl.
DR   GO; GO:0043524; P:negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process; IEA:Ensembl.
DR   GO; GO:0051402; P:neuron apoptotic process; IEA:Ensembl.
DR   GO; GO:0050808; P:synapse organization; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   GO; GO:0048488; P:synaptic vesicle endocytosis; IBA:GO_Central.
DR   DisProt; DP00555; -.
DR   FunFam; 1.10.287.700:FF:000001; Alpha-synuclein; 1.
DR   Gene3D; 1.10.287.700; Helix hairpin bin; 1.
DR   InterPro; IPR001058; Synuclein.
DR   InterPro; IPR002461; Synuclein_beta.
DR   PANTHER; PTHR13820:SF4; BETA-SYNUCLEIN; 1.
DR   PANTHER; PTHR13820; SYNUCLEIN; 1.
DR   Pfam; PF01387; Synuclein; 1.
DR   PRINTS; PR01213; BSYNUCLEIN.
DR   PRINTS; PR01211; SYNUCLEIN.
DR   SUPFAM; SSF118375; Synuclein; 1.
PE   1: Evidence at protein level;
KW   Cytoplasm; Direct protein sequencing; Phosphoprotein;
KW   Proteomics identification; Reference proteome; Repeat.
FT   CHAIN           1..134
FT                   /note="Beta-synuclein"
FT                   /id="PRO_0000184035"
FT   REPEAT          20..30
FT                   /note="1"
FT   REPEAT          31..41
FT                   /note="2"
FT   REPEAT          42..56
FT                   /note="3; approximate"
FT   REPEAT          57..67
FT                   /note="4"
FT   REGION          20..67
FT                   /note="4 X 11 AA tandem repeats of [EGS]-K-T-K-[EQ]-[GQ]-V-
FT                   X(4)"
FT   REGION          89..134
FT                   /note="Disordered"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT   COMPBIAS        98..134
FT                   /note="Acidic residues"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000256|SAM:MobiDB-lite"
FT   MOD_RES         118
FT                   /note="Phosphoserine; by BARK1, CK2 and GRK5"
FT                   /evidence="ECO:0000269|PubMed:10852916"
SQ   SEQUENCE   134 AA;  14288 MW;  5BCA9FCA615AC4EF CRC64;
     MDVFMKGLSM AKEGVVAAAE KTKQGVTEAA EKTKEGVLYV GSKTREGVVQ GVASVAEKTK
     EQASHLGGAV FSGAGNIAAA TGLVKREEFP TDLKPEEVAQ EAAEEPLIEP LMEPEGESYE
     DPPQEEYQEY EPEA
//